Commanders on both sides failed to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties. Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances, while artillery vastly more lethal than in the 1870s, coupled with machine guns, made crossing open ground extremely difficult. These advances had allowed the creation of strong defensive systems, which out-of-date military tactics could not break through for most of the war. Military tactics developed before World War I failed to keep pace with advances in technology and became obsolete. Trench warfare occurs when a revolution in firepower is not matched by similar advances in mobility, resulting in a grueling form of warfare in which the defender holds the advantage. Trench warfare A type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy’s small arms fire and sheltered from artillery. More than one million were wounded or killed, making it one of the bloodiest battles in human history. The battle was intended to hasten a victory for the Allies and was the largest battle of the First World War on the Western Front. It took place between July 1 and November 18, 1916, on both sides of the upper reaches of the River Somme in France. Battle of the Somme A battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British and French empires against the German Empire. The outflanking attempts resulted in a number of encounter battles, but neither side was able to gain a decisive victory. The “race” ended on the North Sea coast of Belgium around October 19, when the last open area from Dixmude to the North Sea was occupied by Belgian troops who had been withdrawn from the Siege of Antwerp (September 28 – October 10). Key Terms Race to the Sea The term described reciprocal attempts by the Franco-British and German armies to envelop the northern flank of the opposing army through Picardy, Artois, and Flanders, rather than an attempt to advance northwards to the sea. In time, however, technology began to produce new offensive weapons, such as gas warfare and the tank, but it was only after the adoption of improved tactics that some degree of mobility was restored.Commanders on both sides failed to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties, resulting in such major battles as the Battle of the Somme, which cost the British Army some 420,000 casualties, the French an estimated 200,000 casualties, and the Germans an estimated 500,000.Artillery vastly more lethal than in the 1870s, coupled with machine guns, made crossing open ground extremely difficult. Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances.Trench warfare occurs when a revolution in firepower is not matched by similar advances in mobility, as in the first two decades of the 20th century when advances allowed the creation of strong defensive systems that out-of-date military tactics could not break through for most of the war.The most famous use of trench warfare is the Western Front in World War I. Trench warfare is a type of land warfare with occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy’s small arms fire and sheltered from artillery.
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